I was just up in northern Minnesota a few weeks ago. I stepped out of my car in untreated clothing, and immediately got swarmed. I dove back in the car and changed into permethrin treated clothes (Sawyer, ala Wally World), and never got a bite afterwards. I treated my hammock and bug net when I returned home, and slept in the back yard a few nights... nada. No bites, no buzzes, no anything. Best product I've used for insect repellent, ever.